Risks and protective factors for PASC

References Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(8):438-451. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2 Li X, Mi Z, Liu Z, Rong P. SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis, therapeutics, variants, and vaccines. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1334152. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1334152 Chung Y-S, Lam C-Y, Tan P-H, Tsang H-F, Wong S-CC. Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(15):8155. doi:10.3390/ijms25158155 Tsampasian V, Elghazaly H, Chattopadhyay R, et al. Risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):566-580. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.0750 Recent comprehensive reviews (2024–2025) together with the large 2023 JAMA Internal Medicine meta-analysis by Tsampasian et al. identify several robust risk factors and potential protective strategies for long COVID. Risk factors for long COVID Female sex consistently increases risk across global datasets, possibly due to immune response differences, including lower antibody persistence and higher autoantibody profiles. Older age and higher BMI are strong, independent...